![]() ![]() Citation14, Citation15 Purity of CD14-positive cells isolated from blood by positive magnetic separation was 98.7% (92.5–99.4), with cell viability of 96.3% (94.0–99.8). This strategy was described in detail in our previous reports. The particular flow cytometry gating strategy employed in this study enabled identification of CD14 +, CD16 +, CD119 +, CD124 +, and CD197 + Mc/Mph cells. GM-CSF-mediated effects on phenotype and cytokine production pattern of Mc/Mphs Therefore, in this study, we addressed direct effects of GM-CSF on phenotypical characteristics and cytokine production pattern of Mphs and T lymphocytes. Taken together, major effects of GM-CSF on adaptive immunity are likely to be facilitated via Mc/Mph-T cell axis. Citation10- Citation12 Membrane-associated GM-CSFR expression on T cells was found to be functionally significant. Citation9 Low expression levels (20–200 copies per cells) of high-affinity GM-CSFR have been demonstrated on granulocytes, monocytes (Mcs), Mphs, endothelial cells, and lymphocytes. Citation7 Recognition of GM-CSF by its receptor triggers JAK2- and STAT-5-dependent signaling pathways, which regulate differentiation and functional activity of the cell, Citation2, Citation8 while implication of PI3K-dependent signal transduction pathway contributes to growth and survival of immune cells. Citation6 GM-CSF receptors (GM-CSFR) consist of α and β chains, with the latter known to be shared by receptors for GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-5. ![]() Mphs, mast cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and T cells are considered to be major GM-CSF producers, Citation5 and various factors such as pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α) could up-regulate its production levels. Citation3, Citation4 Importantly, GM-CSF is produced both in central hematopoietic organs and in the periphery, and its production is dramatically increased in tissues upon inflammatory processes implying the active involvement of GM-CSF in regulation of immune processes in the periphery. GM-CSF is capable of maintaining differentiation and survival of dendritic cells (DCs), which not only initiate antigen-dependent proliferation and differentiation of T cells, Citation1, Citation2 but also support many mechanisms underlying adaptive immune reactivity. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is known to stimulate growth and differentiation of granulocytes and macrophages (Mphs), thus playing an important role in regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. GM-CSF at a low dose (0.01 ng/ml) down-regulated INF-γ production, while at a high dosage (10.0 ng/ml) up-regulated IL-2 and IL-4 production.Ĭonclusion: In general, the results suggest that GM-CSF is able to facilitate the implication of both Mph and T cells in the adaptive immunogenesis. In activated T cell cultures, GM-CSF at 0.1–1.0 ng/ml augmented CD38 + cell numbers in naïve СD45RA +/СD197 + and central memory СD45RA −/СD197 + cell subsets, with no effect on effector СD45RA −/СD197 − and terminally differentiated effector СD45RA +/СD197 − cells. GM-CSF at the highest dose of 10 ng/ml enhanced TNF-α and IL-6 (but not IL-1β and IL-10) production in activated Mc/Mphs. In addition, GM-CSF reduced relative numbers of CD197 + cells, as well as CD14 +, CD16 +, and CD119 + cells in activated Mph cultures without affecting CD124 + cell distribution. ![]() ![]() Results: GM-CSF treatment (0.01–10 ng/ml) was shown to reduce percentages of CD197 (CCR7)-positive cells in non-activated Mph cultures, without affecting significantly CD14 + (LPS co-receptor), CD16 + (FcγRIII, low-affinity Fc-receptor), CD119 + (interferon-gamma receptor 1), and CD124 + (IL4 receptor α-subunit) cells. Methods: Purified Mc/Mphs were activated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 μg/ml) for 24 h, while T cells were activated by particles conjugated and antibodies (Abs) against human CD2, CD3, and CD28 for 48 h. Background: We studied direct effects of human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on phenotypical characteristics and cytokine-production of non-activated and activated human monocytes/macrophages (Mc/Mphs) and T cells. ![]()
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